'Incwadi enamandla, ekhaliphileyo neqinisekisayo' iphumelele ibhaso likaStein Rokkan lalo nyaka

UWimmer ubuza umbuzo obalulekileyo: kutheni umanyano lwesizwe luphunyezwa kwamanye amazwe ahlukeneyo, ngelixa amanye ewohloka? Uthi ukwakhiwa kwesizwe yinkqubo ehamba kade kwaye ivelisa, impumelelo yayo ixhomekeke ekusasazweni kwemibutho yoluntu, ukudibanisa iilwimi, kunye namandla ombuso okubonelela ngempahla yoluntu kubemi babo.

Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, incwadi yakhe ithatha iinkulungwane ezininzi kunye namazwekazi aliqela esebenzisa uthelekiso lwamazwe amabini kunye nohlalutyo lwamanani. UWimmer wakha phezu, kwaye wenza izinto ezintsha, isiko elide kwisayensi yezentlalo ejongene nemibuzo emikhulu kunye neenyani ezimdaka. Ugxininisa ukuba:

“Kule minyaka ingamashumi amabini idlulileyo, uphando lwenzululwazi yezentlalo sele luqalisile ukugxila kwimibuzo emincinci nemincinci ekunokuthi kufunyanwe kuyo iimpendulo ezingqingqwa elutyeni, bebaleka ukuntsonkotha kobunyani bembali ukuya kwindawo ekhuselekileyo yelabhoratri okanye kwiziganeko ezinqabileyo zokwenzeka kwezinto. ama-quasi-experiments ukuba ihlabathi loluntu kufuneka linikeze. Abaphengululi abaxhalabele iinkqubo zembali enkulu abanobuganga bokuthelekisa kuluhlu olubanzi lweemeko bafumanisa ukuba kuya kusiba nzima ukuthethelela umzamo wabo.”

I-Jury yabelana ngokuzixakekisa kuka-Wimmer malunga nophuhliso lwentsimi kwaye, ngokukhetha umsebenzi wakhe, ibonisa inkxaso yayo kuphononongo olukhulu lweenkqubo zembali enkulu.

Wimmer wathi:

“Kuliwonga elikhulu ukuwongwa ngebhaso elithiywe ngoStein Rokkan, ohlala engumzekelo wendlela yokuthelekisa uluhlu olubanzi lwezopolitiko kunye nexesha elide”.

Ukuwongwa kwiBhaso labagwebi

Ingxoxo iyonke kaWimmer yeyokuba ufundo lolwakhiwo lwesizwe lufuna 'ithiyori yobudlelwane kunye neendlela ezilungiselelweyo.' Isiqingatha sokuqala sencwadi yakhe sibonisa indlela ezihamba kancinci kunye neenkqubo zokuvelisa zibumba uphuhliso lwembali kwizibini ezintathu zamatyala elizwe. Kwicandelo lesibini, u-Wimmer uqhuba uhlalutyo lweenkcukacha-manani kwidatha yelizwe, ebonisa ukuba ukwakhiwa kwesizwe kunokwenzeka ukuba kuphumelele ukuba abantu abaphezulu baseburhulumenteni banamandla okusebenza okukhusela iimpahla zoluntu, ngaloo ndlela babe ngabalingane abakhangayo kubemi.

Esebenzisa uphando olubandakanya amazwe ali-123 kwaye emele malunga neepesenti ezingama-92 zabemi behlabathi, uWimmer uthi amandla ezopolitiko kunye nokumelwa kubaluleke kakhulu kunobungakanani belizwe labantu abambalwa kunye namaqela eentlanga xa echaza ukuba ngabaphi abantu abazidlayo ngelizwe labo. Ngohlalutyo lwamanqanaba amaninzi, uWimmer ubonisa ukuba ukuzingca kwesizwe kulandela ukubandakanywa kwezopolitiko.

Ukwakhiwa kweSizwe yincwadi enamandla, enesibindi neqinisekisayo. U-Wimmer uveza amabango anamandla ethiyori kwaye ahlanganise iindlela ezahlukeneyo, exhasa amabango akhe ngoluhlu lwedatha ethatha iinkulungwane kunye namazwe amaninzi.

Uqukumbela ngelithi ukudityaniswa kweelwimi, ukusasazeka kwemibutho yoluntu, kunye namandla ombuso okubonelela abantu ngempahla yoluntu zizinto ezibalulekileyo ekwakheni izizwe. Ezi zakhono ngokwazo ziyimveliso yeempawu ezincomekayo zobume bomhlaba kunye nezandulela zembali nezembali.

Ithiyori ka-Wimmer 'yobuchwephesha' bolwakhiwo lwesizwe ngokunjalo ikwalumkisa ngokuchasene nembono yexesha elifutshane malunga nendlela yokuxhasa amazwe ahlulekileyo, exhaphake kakhulu kumgaqo-nkqubo wangoku wangaphandle. Ngelixa umkhwa wehlabathi wokubandakanywa kwesizwe ulungile, amanye amazwe ahlala ebambeke kwisangqa esikhohlakeleyo, ebonakala engakwazi ukufumana nawuphi na umtsalane obhekiselele kulwakhiwo lwesizwe, kwaye ukukhuthazwa kwedemokhrasi akunakwenzeka ukulungisa oku.

Incwadi ka-Andreas Wimmer iphawula igalelo elibalulekileyo ekuqondeni kwethu ilifa lembali, uluntu olwahlukeneyo, kunye nokudityaniswa kwesizwe kulwakhiwo olomeleleyo noluyimpumelelo lwezizwe.

Amalungu eJury yeBhaso lika-2019 laseStein Rokkan

• Giliberto Kapano, IYunivesithi yaseBologna (uSihlalo)
• Dorothee Bohle, IYunivesithi yaseMbindi Yurophu, eBudapest
• UGunnar Grendstad, KwiYunivesithi eBergen
• Hanspeter Kriesi, Iziko leYunivesithi yaseYurophu, eFlorence
• Marina Costa Lobo, IYunivesithi yaseLisbon

Amalungu eJury aye ngamxhelo mnye ekukhetheni ophumeleleyo, kodwa anqwenela ukukhankanya okubekekileyo kwamanye amabini atyunjiweyo anamandla:

• U-Alisha C. Holland, Ukunyamezela njengoKwabiwa kwakhona: Izopolitiko zeNtlalontle engekho sikweni kwiLatin America, Cambridge University Press, 2017
• UAnna K. Boucher noJustin Gest, I-Crossroads: Iinkqubo ezithelekisayo zokuFudukela kwiLizwe loTshintsho lwaBantu, Cambridge University Press, 2019

Ibhaso likaStein Rokkan loPhando lweNzululwazi yeNtlalo linikezelwa yiBhunga lezeNzululwazi yamazwe ngamazwe (ISC), iYunivesithi yaseBergen, eNorway, kunye ne-European Consortium yoPhando lwezoPolitiko (ECPR). Ibhaso lasekwa liBhunga lezeNzululwazi yezeNtlalo yaMazwe ngaMazwe ngo-1981 ukubhiyozela ilifa likaStein Rokkan. UStein Rokkan wayenguvulindlela wothelekiso lophando lwenzululwazi yezopolitiko nezentlalo, edume ngomsebenzi wakhe omkhulu kurhulumente wesizwe nakwidemokhrasi. Umphandi okrelekrele kunye noprofesa kwiYunivesithi yaseBergen apho wachitha ixesha elininzi lomsebenzi wakhe, uRokkan wayenguMongameli we-ISSC, kunye nomnye wabasunguli be-ECPR. IBhaso lilawulwa yi-ECPR kwaye lixhaswa ngesisa yiYunivesithi yaseBergen.

Uluhlu olupheleleyo lwabaphumelele amabhaso bangaphambili luyafumaneka kwi Iwebhusayithi yeECPR.