Ukwandisa ukuthatha inxaxheba kwabasetyhini kwingxoxo yokutshintsha kwemozulu, kubandakanywa neenkokeli, kubalulekile kwikamva le-carbon-zero

Bambalwa kakhulu abantu ehlabathini lonke abanokuliqonda eli gama Eunice Foote, isazi ngemozulu esiphum’ izandla esathi ngowe-1856 safumanisa ukufudumeza kwelanga kwi<em>carbon dioxide, eyathi ekugqibeleni yabizwa ngokuba yi<em>greenhouse effect. Uphando lwakhe lwaboniswa kwintlanganiso ye-American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) nguJoseph Henry weSmithsonian Institution, njengoko abafazi babengenakukwazi ukuya ngelo xesha. Kwiminyaka emithathu kamva uJames Tyndall wathi wafumanisa ukuba iigesi eziquka ikharbon diokside zifunxa ubushushu, ngoku owaziwa ngokububhaqa. Kwibali eliqhelekileyo kubaphandi abaninzi basetyhini, uTyndall wakwazi ukufikelela kwinkxaso-mali yokuqhubela phambili uphando lwakhe kunye nokwahlula phakathi kwempembelelo yemitha yelanga kunye neminye imithombo yemitha. Nangona kunjalo, uphando lukaFoote linyathelo lezenzululwazi elibalulekileyo, kwaye liyachukumisa ngaphandle kokufikelela kwakhe, izixhobo kunye noqeqesho. Ibali lakhe libonisa ukubaluleka kwabasetyhini ukuba babe nelizwi ekujonganeni nokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nokubaluleka kwegalelo abafazi abanokuqeqeshwa kwezemfundo kunye nezakhono kwi-STEM abanokuyenza, kunye nemiqobo yenkqubo ejongene nabasetyhini ekuvimbeni.

Abasetyhini bayanda ukubonwa njenge Basengozini ngakumbi kunamadoda kwiimpembelelo zokutshintsha kwemozulu, ubukhulu becala ngenxa yokuba bemele uninzi lwamahlwempu ehlabathini kwaye ngokomlinganiselo baxhomekeke ngakumbi kubuncwane bendalo obusengozini. Amadoda nabasetyhini banendima eyahlukileyo, uxanduva, amandla okwenza izigqibo, ukufikelela kumhlaba kunye nemithombo yendalo, amathuba kunye neemfuno. Kumazwe amaninzi kunye noluntu, abafazi banoxanduva lokuvelisa ukutya, ukukha amanzi kumakhaya abo kunye nokuqokelela amafutha okupheka. Iziganeko eziqhutywa yimozulu ezifana nezikhukula, imbalela kunye nemozulu embi yenze le misebenzi yanzima kwaye yabeka umthwalo onzima kwabasetyhini. Nangona kunjalo, abafazi abachaphazelekayo banendima ebalulekileyo ekutshintsheni ukuguquka kwemozulu kunye nokunciphisa ngenxa yolwazi lwabo kunye nokuqonda okufunekayo ukulungelelanisa ukutshintsha kweemeko zendalo kunye nokuza nezisombululo ezisebenzayo.

Ehlabathini lonke, amabhinqa ayakwazi ukufikelela kancinane kunamadoda kwizinto ezinjengomhlaba, amatyala, amacebiso ezolimo, imibutho yokwenza izigqibo, ubugcisa noqeqesho oluya kwandisa amandla awo okuqhelana nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Ukutshintsha kweMozulu ngako oko kunciphisa ukukwazi kwabasetyhini ukuzimela ngokwasezimalini, kwaye kunempembelelo embi ngokubanzi kumalungelo ezentlalo nezopolitiko abasetyhini, ngakumbi kuqoqosho olusekelwe kakhulu kwezolimo. Uxinzelelo lokusingqongileyo oluvela kutshintsho lwemozulu lufunyanwe njengoluthintelo oluphambili kwi-arhente yabasetyhini, echazwa njengesakhono sokwenza ukhetho olunentsingiselo kunye nezigqibo ezicwangcisiweyo, nangona iziseko zekhaya, iinkqubo zomthetho kunye nezithethe zentlalo zixhasa ukulingana ngokwesini.

Iimpembelelo zokungalingani ngokwesini ekujonganeni nokutshintsha kwemozulu zinemiba emibini ebalulekileyo: ukuba sesichengeni kwabasetyhini kunye namandla okulungelelanisa kunye nendima yabasetyhini ekuphuhliseni izenzo zokunciphisa kunye nokuziqhelanisa. Uphando ngeempendulo eAfrika naseAsia ibonisa indlela i-arhente yabasetyhini eyenza igalelo kwiimpendulo zokuziqhelanisa.

Ukuze kuphuhliswe izenzo zokunciphisa kunye nokulungelelanisa, abafazi abanemfundo yesayensi, iteknoloji, ubunjineli, kunye nezibalo (STEM) banendima ebalulekileyo yokudlala, kungekhona nje ekuthetheleleni kodwa ekukhokeleni, ukuyila, ukuphuhlisa nokuphumeza izisombululo. Nangona kunjalo, a survey nge-GenderInSite kunye ne IBhunga lezeNzululwazi laMazwe ngaMazwe ekhutshwe ngoSeptemba 2021 ibonisa ukuba ukuthatha inxaxheba kwabasetyhini kwii-academy zesizwe kwiinkalo ze-STEM kwakuyi-16%, ukusuka kwi-28% kwi-biological sciences ukuya kwi-10% yobunjineli. Umyinge wesabelo sabasetyhini abasebenza kwibhunga lolawulo yi-29% kumaziko emfundo ephakamileyo kunye nama-37% kwimibutho yamazwe ngamazwe yoluleko. Esona sindululo siphambili ibikukunyuswa kwentatho-nxaxheba yabasetyhini kubunkokeli nakulawulo lwale mibutho.

Ukulingana ngokwesini kwisayensi

Ukubandakanywa kunye nokuThatha iNxaxheba kwabaseTyhini kwiGlobal Science Organisations

Uphononongo olunika ingxelo malunga nokubandakanywa kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwabasetyhini kwimibutho yesayensi engaphezu kwe-120 elungelelaniswa kwinqanaba lehlabathi lifumanisa ukuba abafazi basenabameli abancinci. Icela ukusekwa komanyano ngokulingana ngokwesini kwisayensi yehlabathi ukuqinisekisa i-ajenda yenguqu yentshukumo.

Ukubaluleka kwe ukujongana nokungalingani ngokwesini ukujongana nokutshintsha kwemozulu kuye kwaqatshelwa luluhlu olubanzi lwemibutho. Ukususela ekusekweni kwayo ngo-1980, abasetyhini bebembalwa ekufakeni igalelo kumsebenzi we-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Nangona kunjalo, ngoFebruwari 2020 I-IPCC yamkele umgaqo-nkqubo wokulingana ngokwesini kunye nokubandakanywa kunye nesicwangciso sokwandisa igalelo leenzululwazi zabasetyhini. Kuyathenjwa ukuba oku kuyakwenza ukuba kuqondwe ngakumbi indlela ukufudumala kwehlabathi okuchaphazela ngayo abafazi. Ngokukodwa, amazwi amabhinqa avela kumazwe asakhasayo kunye nemimandla echatshazelwa kakhulu yinguqu yemozulu iya kuvakala. Ngoku, ngaphezulu nje kwe-30% yababhali be-IPCC ngabasetyhini kwaye oosekela-sihlalo bokuqala ababhinqileyo banyulwa ngo-2015. ukuthatha inxaxheba kwabasetyhini kubathunywa bakarhulumente kunye nabenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo kwi-UNFCCC kunye neentlanganiso ezinxulumene nazo ziyaqhubeka nokuba phantsi, ngokutsho kweManyano yaMazwe ngaMazwe yoLondolozo lweNdalo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuze kuphuculwe ukuthatha inxaxheba kwabasetyhini, umceli mngeni wenkqubo wenani eliphantsi labasetyhini kwimisebenzi ye-STEM, ekhawulela i-pool yabaxhasi abanokuba negalelo, kunye nokuxhomekeka koorhulumente ukuba batyumbe abathunywa, kufuneka kuqwalaselwe.

Abasetyhini abaninzi bayafuneka kwizikhundla zobunkokeli kushishino, iidyunivesithi kunye norhulumente njengoko bethanda ukuqhuba iimpendulo kutshintsho lwemozulu. Oku kufana nefuthe elihle lokuphucula ukulingana ngokwesini kulawulo lokusingqongileyo nentlalontle, ukusebenza kweshishini kunye nokusungula izinto ezintsha.

Ngaphandle koku, abasetyhini bayaqhubeka nokumelwa kancinci kwiibhodi zemibutho. Umzekelo, uphando ukumelwa kwabasetyhini kwiibhodi kunye namaqela olawulo lweenkampani ezinkulu zamandla eJamani, eSpain naseSweden babonisa ukuba i-64% yayingenabafazi kwaphela kwiibhodi okanye kumaqela olawulo kwaye kuphela i-5% inokuqwalaselwa ngokulinganayo ngokwesini ngokuba ne-40% okanye ngaphezulu kwabasetyhini kwezo zinto. izikhundla. A kutsha nje umbiko ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwabasetyhini kwiibhodi kwihlabathi jikelele, epapashwe ngoFebruwari 2021, ibonisa i-France ephezulu kwi-44% kunye neyona iphantsi eBrazil kwi-12%. E-US abafazi babanjwe malunga I-11% yenkampani yabucala izihlalo zebhodi ngo-2020 kunye ne-24.3% ye 3000 inkampani yoluntu izihlalo zebhodi ngoMatshi 2021. Kwangaxeshanye, imibutho efana ne Inyathelo leForam yezoQoqosho yeHlabathi yoLawulo lweMozulu baseka izahluko kwihlabathi jikelele kwiibhodi zeenkampani ukujongana nokutshintsha kwemozulu njengomngcipheko obonakalayo. Ukwandisa umlinganiselo wabasetyhini abanezakhono ze-STEM kwiibhodi zemibutho, abakwaziyo ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiingxoxo zobunkokeli, akuzange kube ngokungxamisekileyo.

Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwabasetyhini ekwenziweni komgaqo-nkqubo kwinqanaba lesizwe nelengingqi nako kubalulekile. Research ukusuka kwinani elikhulu lamazwe libonisa ukuba ukumelwa kwabasetyhini kwiipalamente zelizwe kukhokelela amazwe ukuba athathe umgaqo-nkqubo ongqongqo wokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nokukhutshwa kwegesi ephantsi kobushushu.

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu yinto entsonkothileyo yehlabathi jikelele engenamida. Isenzo sehlabathi siyadingeka ngamadoda nabasetyhini. Kukho imfuneko yokuqwalasela iimbono ezahlukeneyo kunye nokwahluka kwezisombululo. Abaqulunqi bemigaqo-nkqubo kunye noosonzululwazi bafuna isakhelo esomeleleyo esithathela ingqalelo yonke imiba, sibuyekeze ukuthambekela okungaziyo kwaye sinokulungisa izikhewu zolwazi. Indlela equkayo – equka amazwi esiqingatha sabemi behlabathi – iya kunceda ekukhawuleziseni isivumelwano malunga neenguqu ekufuneka sizenze. Abasetyhini banezakhono kunye nobuchule bokwenza igalelo elisebenzayo nelibalulekileyo, kufuneka nje bangeniswe ententeni.

Unokuba nomdla kwi:

• I-World Federation of Engineering Organisations (WFEO) amabali eMozulu: UGqr Marlene Kanga unika ingxelo evela e-Australia

Marlene Kanga, AM FTSE Hon.FIEAust Hon. I-FIChemE

UMarlene wayengumongameli we I-World Federation of Engineering Imibutho (WFEO) phakathi kwe-2017 kunye ne-2019. I-WFEO yinqanaba eliphezulu lamaziko obunjineli ngamazwe ngamazwe kunye namalungu avela kwizizwe ze-100, ezimele iinjineli ze-30 yezigidi. WayenguMongameli weSizwe weeNjineli ze-2013 kunye nelungu leBhunga ukusuka kwi-2007-2014.

UnguMlawuli ongekho kwiSigqeba seminye yemibutho emikhulu eOstreliya kwizinto eziluncedo, ezothutho kunye nokusungula izinto ezintsha. UMarlene ngu Fellow yeAkhademi yase-Australia yobuNjineli, iHonorary Fellow yeeNjineli zaseOstreliya kunye nembeko Fellow yeZiko leeNjineli zeMichiza (UK). Udweliswe phakathi kweenjineli eziphezulu ezili-100 zaseOstreliya ezithe zanegalelo eOstreliya kwikhulu leminyaka yeeNjineli zaseOstreliya ngo-2019, phakathi kweenjineli zabasetyhini abali-10 abaPhezulu baseOstreliya kwaye uliLungu loMyalelo waseOstreliya ethathela ingqalelo ubunkokeli bakhe bomsebenzi wobunjineli.

Ifoto: Dan Parsons (isasazwe nge-imaggeo.egu.eu).